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What elements make up a permanent magnet? · Posts on Ouro

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What elements make up a permanent magnet?

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What elements make up a permanent magnet?

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Permanent magnets (or permanent magnet materials) are materials that can maintain their magnetism for a long time without the influence of an external magnetic field. They are mainly made of specific alloys or ceramic materials and contain a variety of key elements. The following are common permanent magnet materials and their main elemental composition:

1. Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Materials (Strongest Magnetism)

- Neodymium Iron Boron Magnet (NdFeB):

- Main elements: Neodymium (Nd), Iron (Fe), Boron (B).

- Features: Currently the permanent magnet with the highest magnetic energy product, widely used in motors, hard drives, headphones, etc.

- Samarium Cobalt Magnet (SmCo):

- Main elements: Samarium (Sm), Cobalt (Co), sometimes with the addition of iron, copper, etc.

- Features: High temperature resistance and corrosion resistance, used in aerospace, military, and other fields.

2. Ferrite Permanent Magnet Materials (Low Cost, Wide Application)

- Main elements: Iron (Fe), Strontium (Sr) or Barium (Ba), Oxygen (O). - Features: Ceramic material, oxidation-resistant, low cost, commonly used in speakers, toys, and motors.

3. AlNiCo Magnets (AlNiCo) (Early commonly used)

- Main elements: Aluminum (Al), Nickel (Ni), Cobalt (Co), Iron (Fe), possibly with added copper, titanium, etc.

- Features: High temperature resistant but relatively weak magnetism, used in instruments and sensors.

4. Other Permanent Magnet Materials

- Iron-Platinum (FePt) or Cobalt-Platinum (CoPt):

Platinum group element alloys, used in special high-performance applications (such as micro-devices).

- Manganese-Bismuth Magnets (MnBi):

Containing manganese (Mn) and bismuth (Bi), a new type of permanent magnet material under research.

### Key Element Summary:

- Rare Earth Elements: Neodymium (Nd), Samarium (Sm), Dysprosium (Dy, often used as an additive in NdFeB to improve temperature resistance), Terbium (Tb).

- Transition metals: Iron (Fe), Cobalt (Co), Nickel (Ni).

- Other elements: Boron (B), Aluminum (Al), Strontium (Sr), Barium (Ba), Platinum (Pt), etc.

- The elemental composition and microstructure of different permanent magnet materials determine their magnetic properties (e.g., coercivity, remanence).

- Rare earth permanent magnets rely on rare earth elements, and their mining and processing involve geopolitical and environmental impacts.

- Current research focuses on reducing dependence on rare earth elements and developing novel permanent magnet materials (such as nanocomposite magnets).